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The tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus has been confirmed by molecular analysis in the Caucasus region for the first time. The virus obtained from a tick Ixodes ricinus ex Caspian green lizard belongs to the Zausaev strain of the Siberian subtype (not to a strain of the European subtype highly distributed in the territories adjacent to the Caucasus). This unusual record indicates the need to study the role of lizards in the circulation of natural focal infections.

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This study explores the relationships between recent Iranian lizard species distributions and the observed climate, as well as potential future distributions of species. For this purpose, an ensemble of seven algorithms was used to forecast the distributions of 30 species for the recent and future (2070) based on the averages of 14 global climate models under optimistic (RCP2.6) and pessimistic (RCP8.5) scenarios. Annual precipitation (n= 16) and annual mean temperature (n= 7) were identifed as the most important variables in determining the distribution of 76.66% (23 out of 30) of the species. The consensus model predicts that the ranges of 83.33% of species (n= 25) have the potential to expand poleward at higher latitudes while preserving the majority of their recent distributions (except for four species). Furthermore, the ranges of the remaining species (n= 5) will be preserved at higher latitudes. However, they (n= 22) may contract slightly (n= 13) or excessively (n= 9) in the south of their distribution range at lower latitudes. These results indicate that species (N= 19) situated in mountainous areas such as the Zagros, Alborz, and Kopet Dagh may move or maintain their range at higher elevations as a result of future climate change. Finally, this study suggests that 30% of species (n= 9) may be threatened by future climate change and that they should be prioritized in conservation eforts.

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In the researched area we identified 12 amphibian species: Salamandra salamndra, Lissotriton vulgaris, Triturus cristatus, Mesotriton alpestris, Lissotriton montandoni, Bombina variegata, Bufo bufo, Bufo viridis, Hyla arborea, Pelophylax ridibundus, Rana dalmatina and Rana temporaria and 9 reptile species: Lacerta agilis, Lacerta viridis, Zootoca vivipara, Podarcis muralis, Anguis fragilis, Natrix natrix, Zamenis longissimus, Coronella austriaca and Vipera berus. Within the region we identified species quoted (Cogalniceanu et al. 2000, Ghiurca et al. 2005, Gherghel et al. 2008, Iftime et al. 2008) to have the lowest altitudinal limit of their spreading area at much higher altitudes. Most of the amphibian and reptilian species are not endangered in the researched area.

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Determining whether a phenotypic change is the result of microevolution or plasticity can be challenging. Bestion et al. investigate the contributions of plasticity (both intragenerational and intergenerational) and selection to phenotypic changes in common lizards (Zootoca vivipara) in response to a warmer climate that mirrors projections for 2080. Their results suggest that plasticity plays a more important role than selection in governing many of the phenotypic responses to temperature change.

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In this brief paper, we give some photographs and observations on the slug hunting of Podarcis siculus (RAFINESQUE-SCHMALTZ, 1810), a member of the Lacertidae, from Zonguldak, a province in western Turkey near the Black Sea.

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A data set comprising individual host/parasite lists from 100 Lacerta viridis (Reptilia: Lacertidae) belonging to four isolated populations in Bulgaria was studied. A total of seven helminth species was recovered (Leptophallus nigrooenosus, Plagiorchis molini, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Spauligodon extenuatus, Skrjabinelaziahoffmanni, Physaloptera clausa and Mesocestoides sp.). Lacerta viridis is a new host record for the first five of these species. Communities of intestinal helminths of L. viridis consist of a few species which resulted in a low species richness, abundance and diversity of infracommunities, which exhibit substantial homogeneity among the four samples. A similar pattern of dominance of two nematode species leading to a relatively high community similarity at both infra- and component community levels was observed. While intestinal helminth communities in lizards from`marginal`habitats were dominated by the host generalist, O. filiformis, those in hosts from `typical` habitats were dominated by the lizard specialist S. extenuatus. The results indicate that the characteristics of the host`s habitat are important in determining the composition rather than structure of intestinal helminth communities in L. viridis.

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Background: Animals select and interact with their environment in various ways, including to ensure their physiology is at its optimal capacity, access to prey is possible, and predators can be avoided. Often conflicting, the balance of choices made may vary depending on an individual’s life-history and condition. The common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) has egg-laying and live-bearing lineages and displays a variety of dorsal patterns and colouration. How colouration and reproductive mode affect habitat selection decisions on the landscape is not known. In this study, we first tested if co-occurring male and female viviparous and oviparous common lizards differ in their microhabitat selection. Second, we tested if the dorsal colouration of an individual lizard matched its basking site choice within the microhabitat where it was encountered, which could be related to camouflage and crypsis. -- Results: We found that site use differed from the habitat otherwise available, suggesting lizards actively choose the composition and structure of their microhabitat. Females were found in areas with more wood and less bare ground compared to males; we speculate that this may be for better camouflage and reducing predation risk during pregnancy, when females are less mobile. Microhabitat use also differed by parity mode: viviparous lizards were found in areas with more density of flowering plants, while oviparous lizards were found in areas that were wetter and had more moss. This may relate to differing habitat preferences of viviparous vs. oviparous for clutch lay sites. We found that an individual’s dorsal colouration matched that of the substrate of its basking site. This could indicate that individuals may choose their basking site to optimise camouflage within microhabitat. Further, all individuals were found basking in areas close to cover, which we expect could be used to escape predation. -- Conclusions: Our study suggests that common lizards may actively choose their microhabitat and basking site, balancing physiological requirements, escape response and camouflage as a tactic for predator avoidance. This varies for parity modes, sexes, and dorsal colourations, suggesting that individual optimisation strategies are influenced by inter-individual variation within populations as well as determined by evolutionary differences associated with life history.

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Quantifying intraspecific variation in heat tolerance is critical to understand how species respond to climate change. In a previous study, we recorded variability in critical thermal maxima (CTmax) by 3 C among populations of small Iberian lizard species, which could substantially influence predictions of climate-driven activity restriction. Here, we undertake experiments to examine whether we could reproduce similar levels of heat-tolerance variability in response to water deficit. We hypothesized that deprivation of drinking water should increase variability in CTmax between populations more than deprivation of food under the theoretical expectation that the variation of the more limiting resource must trigger stronger variation in physiological performance. We measured CTmax after manipulating availability of live prey and drinking water in two populations of an arid and a mesic lizard species from the Iberian Peninsula. We quantified a mean CTmax across all studied lizards of 44.2 C ± 0.2 SE for the arid species and 41.7 C ± 0.3 SE for the mesic species. Using multimodel inference, we found that water deprivation (combined with food supply) caused population differences in CTmax by 3 to 4 C which were two to three times wider than population differences due to food deprivation (combined with water supply) or to food and water provision. To highlight the need for more thermo-hydroregulatory research, we examined bias in research effort towards thermal versus hydric environmental effects on heat tolerance through a systematic literature review. We show that environmental temperature has been used five times more frequently than precipitation in ecological studies of heat tolerance of terrestrial species. Studies linking thermal tolerance of ectotherms to the interplay of air temperature and water availability are needed in the face of projected increases in aridity and drought in the 21st century, because the balance of body temperature and water resources are functionally interlinked.

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Thirty-eight individuals of Anatololacerta anatolica (Werner, 1902) (17 males, 20 females, and 1 juvenile) were collected by hand from western Provinces of Türkiye and the following helminth species were found: 1 species of Digenea Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) Braun, 1902, 1 species of Cestoda Mesocestoides sp. (tetrathyridia), and 4 species of Nematoda Skrjabinodon medinae, Skrjabinelazia hoffmanni Li, 1934, Skrjabinelazia taurica, and Spauligodon aloisei. Anatololacerta anatolica represents a new host record for P. elegans, S. taurica and S. aloisei.

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Aim: Physiological and metabolic performance are key mediators of the functional response of species to environmental change. Few environments offer such a multi-faceted array of stressors as high-altitude habitats, which differ markedly in temperature, water availability, UV radiation and oxygen pressure compared to low-altitude habitats. Species that inhabit large altitudinal gradients are thus excellent models to study how organisms respond to environmental variation. -- Location: Tenerife island, Canary Islands archipelago (Spain). -- Taxon: Tenerife lizard [Gallotia galloti, Lacertidae). -- Methods: We integrated data on age structure, thermal and hydric regulatory behaviour and four metabolic and stress-related biomarkers for an insular lizard that inhabits an extreme altitudinal range (sea level to 3700ma.s.l.), to understand how an ectotherms` age, ecophysiology and metabolism can be affected by extreme environmental variation. -- Results: We found marked differences in metabolic stress markers associated with altitude (particularly in the abundance of carbonyl metabolites and relative telomere length), but without a linear pattern along the altitudinal dine. Contrary to expectations, longer telomeres and lower carbonyl content were detected at the highest altitude, suggesting reduced stress in these populations. Evaporative water loss differed between populations but did not follow a linear altitudinal gradient. Lizard age structure or thermal physiological performance did not markedly change across different altitudes. Mixed signals in life-history and thermal ecology across populations and altitude suggest complex responses to variable conditions across altitude in this species. -- Main Conclusions: Our integrative study of multiple functional traits demonstrated that adaptation to highly divergent environmental conditions in this lizard is potentially linked to an interplay between plasticity and local adaptation variably associated with different functional traits.

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Studying the geographic distribution of the Dwarf Lizard (Parvilacerta parva) at the north-eastern edge of its geographic range in Armenia, we compiled a list of 31 locations in six regions (marzes) of northern and central Armenia. Three occurrences remain unconfirmed, and we interpret those as outliers in the context of the fundamental climate-driven niche we estimated using maximum entropy modelling. The species’ niche is determined by the minimum temperature of the coldest quarter, the seasonality of precipitation, and the mean monthly diurnal range of temperature. While nearly 50% of this climate driven niche is currently occupied by developed lands, 10 out of 26 reasonably confirmed Armenian populations of P. parva (38.5%) have been lost over the past 110 years. Despite the documented decline of P. parva in Armenia, habitat protection measures for this species are lacking and there is a need for enhanced conservation strategy.

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Close encounters of the three morphs: the role of color on aggression in a polymorphic lizard. -- Color polymorphism is a common phenomenon under genetic control, and the generation and maintenance of morphs can affect speciation/extinction rates. Colours are used in intraspecific communication to give information about alternative strategies and can avoid or decrease unwanted fighting among morphs. This way, competition and aggression among colour morphs could contribute to polymorphism maintenance. This could cause an uneven spatial distribution of individuals of different morphs in a population because the frequency of each morph establishes the intensity of the competition and the fitness of each male. We studied the polymorphic lacertid Podarcis muralis to assess if aggression varies among morphs under two contrasting hypotheses: a heteromorphic vs. a homomorphic aggression. We manipulated ventral colours and used laboratory mirror tests to measure aggression, then we verified the consistency of results analysing the spatial distribution of all morphs in a wild population. Both the experiments confirmed that aggressive behaviours are more common between homomorphic individuals than between heteromorphic ones. We believe that alternative behavioural strategies could minimize risks and costs of fighting and could facilitate the stable coexistence of the different phenotypes reducing competition. A bias in aggression gives an advantage to the rarer morph, which would suffer less harassment by common morphs, thus obtaining a fitness advantage. This process would be negativelyfrequency-dependent and would stabilize polymorphism, possibly contributing to sympatric speciation.

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Uncertainties on species taxonomy and distribution are major factors hampering efficient conservation planning in the current context of biodiversity erosion, even concerning widespread and abundant species in relatively well-studied regions. Species delimitation have long been based on phylogenetic analyses of a small number of standard markers, but accurate lineage identification through this approach can be hampered by incomplete lineage sorting, introgression or isolation by distance. In that context, analyses of introgression patterns at secondary contact zones offer an interesting alternative by allowing a direct estimation of reproductive isolation, especially when using genome-wide markers. Here, we investigated a contact zone between two genetic groups of the Spiny-footed Lizard Acanthodactylus erythrurus (Schinz, 1833) in Morocco, whose status as separate lineages remained disputed in previous multilocus studies. Based on thousands of genome-wide markers obtained through a RADseq approach, we confirmed that they represent distinct evolutionary lineages. Furthermore, the transition at their contact zone was very steep, with spatially restricted gene flow, highlighting levels of reproductive isolation consistent with species-level lineages. Our study further illustrates the power of RADseq-based studies of contact zones to understand cryptic diversity in non-model organisms.

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A better understanding of the impact of habitat loss on population density can be achieved by evaluating effects of both parameters within remnant habitat patches and parameters of the landscape surrounding those patches. The integration of predictors at the patch and landscape level is scarce in animal ecological studies, especially for reptiles. In this study, a patch–landscape approach was applied to evaluate the combined effects of within-patch habitat quality, patch geometry and landscape configuration and composition on the density of remnant populations of the eastern green lizard, Lacerta viridis, in a highly modified landscape in Bulgaria. Landscape composition variables (proportion of different land covers) were measured at different spatial scales surrounding patches. Single-scale models were built to evaluate combined effects of all predictors on density, when including all landscape composition variables at a specific spatial scale. Multi-scale models were applied to analyze combined effects when including landscape composition variables at the scale of their strongest effect (scale of effect, SoE). Results showed that the SoE of proportion of cropland and urban areas was small (50?m), while for proportion of habitat was large (1.5?km). The overall effect of habitat loss was better explained by the multi-scale model. Population density increased with patch area and decreased with patch shape irregularity and with the proportion of three land cover types surrounding patches— cropland, urban areas, and habitat. Combining patch and landscape parameters is important to identify ecological processes that occur simultaneously at different spatial levels and landscape scales, which would imply the application of multi-scale approaches for the protection of wild animal populations. Results are contrasted with what is known about occupancy patterns of the species in the same region and approaches to integrate both occupancy and density, in the field design of animal ecological studies are suggested.

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Further notes on the herpetofauna of the Aegean island of Samos. -- In May 2022 new herpetological researches have been carried out on the Aegean island of Samos. It is confirmed that the island is home to a varied and heterogenous herpetofauna, distributed in variously scattered and dense populations. Noteworthy is the finding of a specimen and of an exuvia of Hemorrhois nummifer in the northern part of Samos; so far, the nine reports of this species for the island have been detected in the southern part. It is stressed that climate changes, pesticides, wild fires, the widespread presence of unsuitable habitats for reptile life (as olive groves), and vehicular traffic, are factors which, directly or indirectly, tend to limit the density of the various herpetological species.

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The evolution of body size within and among species is predicted to be influenced by multifarious environmental factors. However, the specific drivers of body size variation have remained difficult to understand because of the wide range of proximate factors that covary with ectotherm body sizes across populations with varying local environmental conditions. Here, we used female Eremias argus lizards collected from different populations across their wide range in China, and constructed linear mixed models to assess how climatic conditions and/or available resources at different altitudes shape the geographical patterns of lizard body size across altitude. Lizard populations showed significant differences in body size across altitudes. Furthermore, we found that climatic and seasonal changes along the altitudinal gradient also explained variations in body size among populations. Specifically, body size decreased with colder and drier environmental conditions at high altitudes, reversing Bergmann`s rule. Limited resources at high altitudes, measured by the low vegetative index, may also constrain body size. Therefore, our study demonstrates that multifarious environmental factors could strongly influence the intraspecific variation in organisms` body size.

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Aim: Discontinuity in the distribution of genetic diversity (often based on mtDNA) is usually interpreted as evidence for phylogeographic breaks, underlying vicariant units. However, a misleading signal of phylogeographic break can arise in the absence of barrier to gene flow, under mechanisms of isolation by distance (IBD). How and under which conditions phylogeographic breaks can be reliably differentiated from populations evolving under IBD remain unclear. Here, we use multi-locus sequence data from a widely distributed lizard species to address these questions in an empirical setting. - Location: Morocco. - Taxon: Spiny-footed lizard (Acanthodactylus erythrurus), Squamata: Lacertidae. - Methods: Using 325 samples from 40 localities, we identified genetic discontinuities within A. erythrurus based on a mitochondrial fragment and nine nuclear markers independently. Using the nuclear markers, we then applied linear regression models to investigate whether genetic divergence could be explained by geographical distances alone, or barriers to gene flow (real phylogeographic breaks). - Results: A. erythrurus is characterized by an important mitochondrial diversity, with 11 strongly supported phylogeographic lineages with a crown age of 6 Mya. Nuclear markers, however, yielded weak phylogenetic support for these lineages. Using clustering methods based on genotypes at nine nuclear loci, we identified phylogeographic clusters that were partly discordant with the mtDNA lineages. Tests of IBD delimited at least four groups of populations separated by barriers to gene flow, but unambiguous separation of vicariance from IBD remained challenging in several cases. - Main conclusions: The genetic diversity of A. erythrurus originates from a mix of IBD and vicariance, which were difficult to distinguish, and resulted in similar levels of mitochondrial differentiation. These results highlight that phylogeographic breaks inferred from mitochondrial data should be further investigated using multilocus data and explicit testing to rule out alternative processes generating discontinuities in mitochondrial diversity, including IBD. We identified four groups of populations within A. erythrurus, separated by barriers to gene flow, but even using nine independent nuclear makers the power of our approach was limited, and further investigation using genome-wide data will be required to resolve the phylogeographic history of this species.

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1. Understanding which factors determine tick-borne disease hazard can contribute to effective disease control. In Europe, the hazard of the pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum is determined by local tick densities (mainly Ixodes ricinus) and the reservoir competence of the host species community. Sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) are common hosts for larvae and nymphs of I. ricinus and non-competent reservoirs for both pathogens. Consequently, high relative abundance of L. agilis is hypothesized to be associated with lower infection prevalence in nymphs. Here, we aimed to test whether this effectively occurs in natural settings. - 2. We sampled different habitat types within a heterogenous dune landscape at the Dutch coast and estimated (1) L. agilis densities, (2) host community competence, (3) the density and infection prevalence of questing I. ricinus ticks and (4) the number and infection prevalence of ticks feeding on L. agilis. - 3. Captured L. agilis had high tick burdens and contributed substantially to feeding I. ricinus larvae in their natural habitat. B. burgdorferi s.l. and A. phagocytophilum were virtually absent from feeding larvae and nymphs. - 4. The nymphal infection prevalence of both pathogens in questing ticks was lower in habitat types where L. agilis was more abundant. Hence, L. agilis strongly reduced community competence. - 5. The density of questing nymphs was higher in habitat types with denser vegetation and also varied more between habitat types than infection prevalence. As a result, nymphal density had a stronger effect on the density of infected ticks than did nymphal infection prevalence. - 6. Synthesis and applications. Coastal dune habitats favourable for L. agilis have lower densities of questing nymphs and a lower human infection hazard. These results might be applicable to similar ecosystems where L. agilis is present. From a public health perspective, this underlines the importance of preserving early successional habitat, as encroaching shrubs are associated with higher tick-borne disease hazard, and vegetation removal might be a solution to reduce hazard in coastal dunes. The high degree of spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of tickborne pathogens also poses opportunities to manage recreational activities to limit human exposure to tick-borne diseases.

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We present the updated distribution of batracho- and herpetofauna in southern and south-eastern Serbia, based on literature and new field records for 16 amphibian and 22 reptile species. In these two biogeographic regions, already recognized as biodiversity hotspots, we discovered two new amphibian species with limited distribution: Hyla orientalis and Pelobates balcanicus. Also, one species (Triturus ivanbureshi) has restricted distribution, while one (Bombina bombina) is rare. Four reptile species have limited distributions and six are rare in these regions. The presence of hybrid zones and the influence of the Mediterranean climate make southern and south-eastern Serbia areas of great importance and the target for future ecological and conservation studies in Serbia.

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In this paper, the updated checklist of Serbian amphibians and reptiles is presented. The updated checklist of Serbian amphibians and reptiles was compiled from the literature on distribution, taxonomy and phylogeny. The checklist contains 48 autochthonous and two introduced species. Five species underwent taxonomic revisions (Triturus ivanbureschi, T. macedonicus, Pelobates balcanicus, Bufotes viridis and Mediodactylus kotschyi). Two species were added after recent taxonomic splits of species’ complexes (Hyla orientalis and Anguis colchica). Presence of new (Lacerta trilineata) and introduced species (Hemidactylus turcicus) was confirmed during recent fieldwork. There are at least eight more species that can potentially be present in Serbia. The national protection legislative should be updated according to the current checklist.

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Species color and color pattern vary geographically contributing to environmental tolerance of the species to the fluctuating climate. In a constantly changing environment, the population remains polymorphic, when individuals that are not acclimated to the current environment can survive adverse time periods. Factors influencing color morph frequencies in populations affect spatial variation through local adaptation, which is in turn linked to large-scale environmental gradients. The influence of environmental factors has not been adequately studied in many polymorphic organisms where the influence of sexual selection on the persistence of polymorphisms is widely recognized. We hypothesized that different color morphs of sand lizard are distributed throughout the Palearctic depending on different environmental conditions. The goal of this study was to examine if the range of morph composition in a color polymorphic lizard can be explained by geographic and climatic variation in the Palearctic. We used publicly available data on sand lizard occurrence from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and environmental variables from WorldClim and SEDAC databases. We categorized sand lizards’ photos to 10 discrete color morphs based on color and color pattern variation. We predicted the color morph distribution using maximum entropy models. We found that variations in morph distributions were mostly related to temperature seasonality, precipitation, elevation, and anthropogenic activities. Our findings support the relationship between environmental conditions and color morph distribution, implying that environmental selection acts differently on color morphs, most likely in conjunction with sexual selection.

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We provide a diversity assessment of Iranian species of the genus Eremias based on the cytochrome oxidase I mtDNA gene fragment. We analyzed 93 genetic samples from the entire distribution of the Eremias fasciata species complex in Iran and surrounding regions, along with morphological data to support the description of two new species from Central Iran. We hypothesize that the diversification of the Eremias fasciata species complex was largely influenced by the fragmentation of sand massifs in the region. This same hypothesis has been used to explain the high level of endemism among the sand-dwelling species of reptiles along the Iranian Plateau in the same area. The two new species described herein can be distinguished from other congeneric species by their phylogenetic position and a combination of morphological characters. We use these data to discuss the taxonomy of Eremias based on morphology, habitat choice, and genetic data.

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In this first note, we have carried out a herpetological study in Vidra (Gerona) where we record 8 amphibians: Euproctus asper, Salamandra salamandra, Bufo bufo, Bufo calamita, Alytes obstetricans, Hyla meridionalis, Rana ridibunda and Rana temporaria, and 11 reptilians: Anguis fragilis, Lacerta agilis, Lacerta lepida, Podarcis muralis, Lacerta viridis, Coronella austriaca, Coronella girondica, Malpolon monspessulanus, Natrix maura, Natrix natrix and Vipera aspis. We also give the most actual material record on Euproctus asper located in Vidra and Santa Maria de Besora.

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Immunological reactions tested according to Libby`s photronreflectometric technique show that: (i) Archaeolacerta Mertens, 1921, and Podarcis Wagler, 1830, are independent genera and not subgenera of Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758; (ii) Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768), Podarcis sicula (Rafinesque, 1810), Archaeolacerta bedriagae (Camerano, 1885), Archaeolacerta monticola (Boulenger, 1905), Lacerta lepida Daudin, 1802, Lacerta schreiberi Bedriaga, 1878 and Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768) are full species; (iii) Podarcis tiliguerta is a subspecies of P. muralis: P. muralis tiliguerta (Gmelin, 1789).

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Chemical communication in terrestrial vertebrates is often built on complex blends, where semiochemical and structural compounds may form an integrated functional unit. In lizards, many species have specialized epidermal glands whose secretions are waxy, homogeneous blends of lipids and proteins, both active in communication. The intimate co-occurrence of such compounds allows us to hypothesize that they should undergo a certain degree of covariation, considering both their semiochemical role and the support-to-lipid function hypothesized for the protein fraction. In order to assess the occurrence and level of protein–lipid covariation, we compared the composition and complexity of the two fractions in the femoral gland secretions of 36 lizard species, combining phylogenetically-informed analysis with tandem mass spectrometry. We found the composition and complexity of the two fractions to be strongly correlated. The composition of the protein fraction was mostly influenced by the relative proportion of cholestanol, provitamin D3, stigmasterol, and tocopherol, while the complexity of the protein pattern increased with that of lipids. Additionally, two identified proteins (carbonic anhydrase and protein disulfide isomerase) increased their concentration as provitamin D3 became more abundant. Although our approach does not allow us to decrypt the functional relations between the proteinaceous and lipid components, nor under the semiochemical or structural hypothesis, the finding that the proteins involved in this association were enzymes opens up to new perspectives about protein role: They may confer dynamic properties to the blend, making it able to compensate predictable variation of the environmental conditions. This may expand the view about proteins in the support-to-lipid hypothesis, from being a passive and inert component of the secretions to become an active and dynamic one, thus providing cues for future research.

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Sexual selection contributes to the diversity of chemical signals in various animal groups. Lizards are good model species to study how sexual selection shapes signal diversity, as they are a chemically oriented taxonomic group with different levels of social interactions. Many lizard species bear epidermal glands secreting a waxy mixture of lipids and proteins, which are used in intraspecific communication. Previous among-species comparative analyses failed to find a relationship between the strength of sexual selection with the composition of the lipid blend in lizards. Here, we extend the investigation to the proteinaceous fraction. By using a phylogenetically informed approach, we correlated the average electrophoretic profiles of the protein from the femoral glands of 36 lacertid lizard species with the level of sexual dimorphism in size and shape, which are proxies for the strength of sexual selection. We found that as sexual size dimorphism advances, five distinct molecular weight regions in the protein profile increased their expression. Using tandem mass spectrometry, we successfully identified one of these five proteins: a carbonic anhydrase—an enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Our findings suggest that proteins may be the target of sexual selection, as an active semiochemicals or as a dynamic support to other molecules: sexual selection may act indirectly on semiochemicals (namely lipids) by modifying the matrix (namely proteins).

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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are crucial for the adaptive immune response of jawed vertebrates. Their variation, reaching extreme levels, is driven mainly by an arms race between hosts and pathogens. One hypothesised mechanism contributing to MHC polymorphism is adaptive introgression, the exchange of genetic variants between hybridising species favoured by selection, yet its effect on MHC variation is poorly understood. Detection of adaptive MHC introgression, though challenging, may be facilitated by the analysis of species complexes forming multiple hybrid zones. Here, we investigated MHC introgression in six hybrid zones formed by seven species of Podarcis lizards inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula. To differentiate adaptive introgression from neutral introgression, we compared the patterns of gene exchange in MHC and genome-wide markers. We found elevated sharing of MHC alleles in the proximity of contact beyond the areas of detectable genome-wide admixture in most hybrid zones and, in half of them, asymmetric MHC exchange. In general, the elevated MHC allele sharing between species pairs with abutting ranges compared to geographically isolated species pairs also supports the prevalence of introgression. Collectively, our results demonstrate widespread MHC introgression in the Iberian Podarcis complex and suggest its adaptiveness. Contrary to previous results from Triturus newts, we did not observe differences in the rate of introgression between MHC classes. Our work adds support to the emerging view of adaptive introgression as a key mechanism shaping MHC diversity. It also raises questions about the effect of elevated MHC variation and factors leading to the asymmetry of adaptive introgression.

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The ecological-niche models for two sympatric species, Eremias lineolata (Nikolsky, 1897) and Eremias scripta (Strauch, 1867), reveal evidence of spatial and temporal disjunction in the actual niches of both species. Eremias lineolata demonstrates a wide range of adaptations and, at the same time, has a greater need for winter precipitation and minimal temperature than E. scripta. Possible explanations for the thermal diversity of both species are provided. Thermal variables (monthly temperatures, monthly solar radiation, etc.) are traditionally important for ectotherm animals. Interestingly, as many as half of the key variables in both species are related to different aspects of environmental water balance (precipitation, air humidity, vapor pressure). There are several ways in which moisture may impact the lizard’s life cycle. Soil humidity is related to soil temperature and may be important during winter hibernation. In summer, soil humidity may support successful embryogenesis. Precipitation during the warm months is a key factor in maintaining the moisture content of the soil. In winter, snow cover provides a better thermal balance of the soil’s top layers where winter shelters are housed. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) is an interdisciplinary approach combining the geographical, climatic, ecological, and biological aspects of the wellbeing of species. This interdisciplinary approach lifts biological studies onto a new, integrative level, providing a comprehensive view on species biology and answering the questions that might not be answered if the traditional methods for studying animals were used alone.

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Farwa island is considered as one of the biggest and most important island in Libya: it is located in the Mediterranean north western part of Libya, about 2 Km from the Abukamash coast, and it’s about 150 Km western of Tripoli. It has a suitable climatic condition and unique diverse habitats of extensive tidal area, sand dunes, trees, mud flat, marshes, drying salt lakes, and beaches. The mean annual temperature is 19ºC and the mean annual rainfall reaches 200 mm: these conditions provide a good habitat for many plant and animal species. The most common plant species at this area are: Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Retama retam, Phoenix dactylifera, Artemisia campestris, Thymelaea hirsuta, Juncus maritimus, Helicrysum stoechas, Tamarix aphylla, Ephedra alata, Citrullus colocynthis, Ziziphus lotus, Lycium europaeum. The most common mammal species seen in Farwa island are Lepus capensis, Vulpes vulpes, Ictonyx libycus, Hystrix cristata. There are many kinds of reptiles like lizards, snakes, and sea turtles. And also there are many kinds of arthropods like beetles, butterflies, moths, ants, bees, wasps, locusts, spiders and scorpions. Water birds form the most important fauna elements in Farwa island. This island is the most important area in Libya for many migratory birds, especially for the birds which are under world wide danger of extinction like Thalasseus bengalensis, Ichthyaetus audouinii, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Aythya ferina, Numenius tenuirostris. There are many migratory bird species breeding at this island, the most common are Sternula albifrons, Hydroprogne caspia, Sterna hirundo, Tringa tetanus, Larus cachinnas, and Charadrius alexandrinus. Fawa Island provides many kinds of birds with proper conditions for nutrition, reproduction, sheltering and wintering, because of its different habitats and convenient climate condition.

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Sie sind wieselflink und mucksmäuschenstill – deshalb fällt kaum auf, dass in Kelheim Hunderte, wenn nicht Tausende Mauereidechsen leben. Aber für Fachmann Helmut Willert ist dieser Nachweis eine Sensation; er fordert Naturschutz-Konsequenzen. Und ist überzeugt: Diese Art wird im Klimawandel auf der Siegerseite sein.

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This study aims at providing the first faunistic and ecological data on the herpetofauna of the Oum El Bouaghi region. The observation period was spread over two seasons (2018-2019), from mid-March to the end of October. A total of 18 species of reptiles and 4 species of amphibians have been recorded. The data collected were analyzed in terms of the biogeographical and trophic aspects of the herpetofauna of the study area. The region of Oum El Bouaghi has a great herpetofaunistic diversity, which shows how important it is to ensure its protection.

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Understanding patterns and modalities of species’ colonization in insular ecosystems is a major goal of biogeography and may be key to decision makers, in terms of e.g., management and conservation. In this paper, we assess source and patterns of colonization of an opportunistic reptile, Podarcis siculus, on the remote island of Pantelleria (Italy), following a multidisciplinary approach combining molecular phylogeography and dorsal pattern analyses. We analyzed the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b (cytb) from 13 lizards and we assessed the frequency of the dorsal pattern phenotypes observing 188 basking lizards from eight localities throughout the island. The parsimony network revealed that haplotypes from Pantelleria belong to a haplogroup characteristic of western Sicily with the most common haplotype from Pantelleria being also found in three Sicilian localities. Unlike other Italian island populations, the dorsal pattern is highly conserved on Pantelleria, as a high percent of the observed individuals show the pattern also found in the hypothesized source area in western Sicily. In conclusion, our results are compatible with an allochthonous origin of the P. siculus population of Pantelleria Island. Thus, the species would need no population monitoring programme for its conservation on the island.

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Aim: The Mediterranean Basin is a global biodiversity hotspot and has one of the longest histories of human–biota interactions. Islands host a large fraction of Mediterranean diversity and endemism, but the relative importance of natural versus human-mediated colonisation processes in shaping the distribution and genetic structure of Mediterranean island fauna remains poorly understood. Here, we combine population genomics, demographic models and palaeoshoreline reconstructions to establish the island-colonisation dynamics of wall lizards in Mediterranean archipelagos. Location: Four Mediterranean archipelagos in Italy and Croatia. Taxon: The wall lizard Podarcis siculus. Methods: We used ddRAD sequencing to genotype 140 lizards from 23 island and mainland populations. Analyses of admixture and site frequency spectra were used to reconstruct population structure, demographic history and variation of gene flow through time. Genomic results were integrated with palaeogeographical reconstructions and were compared to archaeological evidence of human presence on these islands. Results: Although many island populations of this species are assumed to be non-native, we find that many islands were colonised long before any known human settlements (230,000–12,000 years ago). This natural colonisation most likely occurred through land bridges during glacial marine regression or by over-sea rafting. On the other hand, islands distant from the continent were often colonised recently, and some of the estimated island colonisation times match historical records of human arrival. We also determine that long-established island populations generally show lower genetic diversity compared to proximate mainland populations, contrary to recently colonised islands that must have experienced higher rates of post-colonisation gene flow. Main Conclusion: Our integrated approach provides us with the power to accurately quantify the origin, timing and mode of island colonisation. This framework helps to clarify the biogeographical and evolutionary history of island populations, with important implications for conservation and management of island biodiversity.

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Simple Summary: Information about the status and trends of endangered species populations are vital for conservation actions, yet these data are often limited for those inhabiting remote and difficult-to-access areas. With the technical support of an alpine guide, I climbed on La Canna sea stack, a columnar volcanic pinnacle 70 m high, to gather information on the size, morphology, and genetic variability of the tiniest population of the critically endangered Aeolian wall lizard Podarcis raffonei. Results indicate a current population size of about a hundred individuals, a body size of lizards significantly larger than previously known, and a complete lack of genetic diversity. Cephalic malformations observed on all captured individuals indicate the detrimental effect of inbreeding depression and represent a severe threat to the persistence of this population. - Abstract: Among the extant populations of the critically endangered Aeolian wall lizard, the most vulnerable is the one surviving on La Canna, a columnar volcanic stack off the Filicudi Island. Here, I report the results of the first climbing expedition by a biologist on La Canna, that contributed direct observations and updated information on the size, morphology, and genetic variability of this population. Lizard density at the sampling site (a small terrace at 50 m of altitude) was 1.7 m?2, twice of a previous estimate. Standard methods for estimating population size are unsuitable for La Canna. An educated guess of about a hundred individuals can be drawn, considering the extent of habitat available on the stack and the number of observed lizards. Lizards on La Canna were not fearless, despite what was reported by alpinists, possibly because of aggressive intraspecific interactions or high environmental temperatures during sampling. Biometric data significantly extends the body size of La Canna’s lizards and indicates that it is not smaller than other P. raffonei populations. A complete lack of genetic diversity was found at the mitochondrial nd4 gene, in line with previous allozyme data and with estimates on other microinsular Podarcis populations. The small size of the La Canna population implies severe genetic drift and an extremely high level of inbreeding, as supported by low heterozygosity found across the genome. Detrimental effects of inbreeding depression are evident as cephalic malformations observed in all captured lizards of La Canna and might represent the more immediate threat to the persistence of this population.

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Pleistocene climate oscillations had a dramatic impact on the distribution of temperate ectothermic organisms. These range fluctuations plausibly have left a footprint on the species’ genetic structure which is linked with modelled paleoclimatic conditions, allowing us to infer which environmental factors shaped the evolutionary history of Sand lizards. In this study, we evaluated the patterns of niche diversification of Lacerta agilis in Eurasia, based on mitochondrial DNA analyses and ecological niche models. The lineage of Sand lizards evolved 3.8–1.8 Mya, being the most basal in the east-Caucasian subclade, with eight mitochondrial subclades separated into two groups. These groups represent two independent waves of expansion from the ancestral region constituted by the Caucasus and the adjacent northern plains to the Paleartic. Paleoclimatic models suggested a high instability of the range of this lineage in the last 3 Mya, with niche contractions during the colder glacial periods and expansions following the glacier retreat. This suggested an allopatric diversification process, with subspecies boundaries upon secondary contact maintained by competitive interactions, at least between closely related pairs. The great mountain systems of the Mediterranean Peninsulas constituted stable refugia during the Pliocene–Pleistocene cycles, favouring the evolution of endemic subclades. These montane subclades have higher mitochondrial diversity than those that occur in the plains. However, the Pyrenean endemic L. agilis garzoni is exception possibly due to the occupation of a very small refugium during the recent glacial phases.

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Reptiles, Amphibians and terrestrial Birds from the circum Sicilian Islands -- The study of the number of terrestrial bird species from the circum Sicilian Islands allowed to note a mean density (species/ln of area) of 4,45. This value increase with the surface in the Mediterranean islands (12,2 for the Island of Elba and 19,5 for Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica). The computation of the linear regression between In-area and In-species gives a slope around 0,26 but the corelation is poor r = 0.51). The subdivision of the island into two large groups (Archipelago of Eolie = 7 islands; and all the others, Egadi, Ustica. Pantelleria and Pelagia = 7 islands) gives a better correlation (r = 0,9 and 0,62). This probably depends on certain variables that are taken in consideration here. The altitude is not an important variable (r = 0,39) but the isolation degree and the distance from the continent are importants (r =-0,60 and r = -0,61). but the highest correlation is obtained between the number of species and the habitat’s diversity (r = 0,80). This is confirmed by the analysis of similarities between the islands. Many islands have not yet reached species saturation as can be seen from the actual exploration confronted to that of the authors. The study of the number of species of Amphibians and Reptiles does not give any of the correlations found for the terrestrial birds. Il can thus be retained that these taxa quickly reach saturation and that, given the low number of colonizing species, the relation between area and species is hardly relevant. These are probably populations that are not in equilibrium.

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In the western Palearctic, species richness decreases with increasing latitude for amphibians and reptiles. Hotspots are found in the southermost parts of tile area for reptiles, while for amphibians they are in western middle latitude parts. Rapoport`s rule predicts that species range increases with latitude and that hotspots contain many species of small range. Both prediction are upheld in the case of reptiles, but the hotspots for amphibians contain mostly widespread species. Most amphibian species of small range are found in southern areas. The seasonal climatic variation hypothesis that has been proposed as an explanation for Rapoport`s rule is not verified for the Palearctic herpetofauna.

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Thermal ecology is critical for the study of the biology of every living species. Accordingly, body temperature affects the performance and fitness of animals. In the particular case of ectotherms, this effect is further reinforced since they rely on environmental conditions for heat adjustment. Current air and substrate temperatures are among the crucial sources of regulation for their body heat. In the case of lizards, various behavioral techniques are employed to insure their thermoregulation and therefore survival. The aim of the present study is to identify the basic thermal preferences of Lacerta agilis bosnica, including possible age and sex related variations. This lacertid subspecies is endemic to the high mountains across the Balkan Peninsula and limited between 1100 and 2200 m above sea level. Our results revealed highest body temperature of 35.9°C and lowest – of 19.5°C both measured in adult females. We calculated the average thermoadaptation index (Ti) of 1.27 for all individuals. Furthermore, the positive correlations of lizard body temperature (Tb) compared to air (Ta) and to substrate (Ts) temperatures were highest in immature males, while lowest - in adult males. We found statistically significant differences between the age/sex groups within Tb and Ta. Regarding Ts and Ti, the tests did not show significant differences between the groups. We concluded that L. agilis bosnica is a taxon adapted to low ambient temperatures. With this discovery we contributed to the exploration of the understudied subspecies Lacerta agilis bosnica.

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North Sweden (‘Norrland’ in Swedish) covers 243 000 km2 and lies mainly in the boreal biome. The herpetofauna comprises five amphibian and four reptile species: Lissotriton vulgaris, Triturus cristatus, Bufo bufo, Rana temporaria, Rana arvalis, Zootoca vivipara, Anguis fragilis, Natrix natrix, and Vipera berus. Successful conservation and management of amphibians and reptiles depend on accurate information about distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance. Such knowledge is also essential as a benchmark to assess changes in distribution and abundance that may come about as a result of climate change and human habitat alteration. This paper aims to present accurate distribution maps, describe habitat affinities, and provide abundance estimates for the herpetofauna of North Sweden for the period 1970–2022. Distribution data are presented by traditional faunistic provinces, as well as by biotic regions and alpine life zones. Separate sections address post-glacial colonization and a herpetological perspective on anthropogenic changes in relation to species´ present status. Bufo bufo, Rana temporaria, Rana arvalis, Zootoca vivipara, and Vipera berus are widely distributed throughout the boreal sub-regions. Rana temporaria, Zootoca vivipara, and Vipera berus also extend into the alpine region. Triturus cristatus, Anguis fragilis, and Natrix natrix occur mainly in the coastal parts of the Southern Boreal region. There are no signs of recent changes in distribution range, but Lissotriton vulgaris, Triturus cristatus, and Rana arvalis have been largely overlooked in the past and have a much wider occurrence than previously recognized. Most species are found in habitats usually not described in all-European field guides. Nearly all anurans hibernate in water. Abundance estimates suggest that some species are more common in the boreal than thought, supporting the notion that a large share of their total European population occurs there. Although local extinctions and declines are known, there are no signs of widespread population decline for any species during the study period.

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Macroevolutionary changes such as variation in habitat use or diet are often associated with convergent, adaptive changes in morphology. However, it is still unclear how small-scale morphological variation at the population level can drive shifts in ecology such as observed at a macroevolutionary scale. Here, we address this question by investigating how variation in cranial form and feeding mechanics relate to rapid changes in diet in an insular lizard (Podarcis siculus) after experimental introduction into a new environment. We first quantified differences in the skull shape and jaw muscle architecture between the source and introduced population using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and dissections. Next, we tested the impact of the observed variation in morphology on the mechanical performance of the masticatory system using computer-based biomechanical simulation techniques. Our results show that small differences in shape, combined with variation in muscle architecture, can result in significant differences in performance allowing access to novel trophic resources. The confrontation of these data with the already described macroevolutionary relationships between cranial form and function in these insular lizards provides insights into how selection can, over relatively short time scales, drive major changes in ecology through its impact on mechanical performance.

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Facing warming environments, species can exhibit plastic or microevolutionary changes in their thermal physiology to adapt to novel climates. Here, using semi-natural mesocosms, we experimentally investigated over two successive years whether a 2°C-warmer climate produces selective and inter- and intragenerational plastic changes in the thermal traits (preferred temperature and dorsal coloration) of the lizard Zootoca vivipara. In a warmer climate, the dorsal darkness, dorsal contrast, and preferred temperature of adults plastically decreased and covariances between these traits were disrupted. While selection gradients were overall weak, selection gradients for darkness were slightly different between climates and in the opposite direction to plastic changes. Contrary to adults, male juveniles were darker in warmer climates either through plasticity or selection and this effect was strengthened by intergenerational plasticity when juveniles’ mothers also experienced warmer climates. While the plastic changes in adult thermal traits alleviate the immediate overheating costs of warming, its opposite direction to selective gradients and to juveniles’ phenotypic responses may slow down evolutionary shifts toward phenotypes that are better adapted to future climates. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering inter- and intragenerational plasticity along with selective processes to better understand adaptation and population dynamics in light of climate change.

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Extraretinal photoreceptor cells have been found in the pineal complex and deep brain of a variety of non-mammalian vertebrates. Light signals received by these photoreceptor cells seem to be a potent regulator of diverse physiological responses. Here, the pineal complex and deep brain of the Japanese grass lizard, Takydromus tachydromoides, were immunohistochemically analyzed to localize the photoreceptive molecule (opsin) and the light signal-transducing G-protein (transducin). In addition to the pineal organ and parietal eye constituting the pineal complex, we unexpectedly found a parapineal organ, which is located just below the parietal eye and is morphologically similar to the pineal organ. Both organs had photoreceptor-like cells with outer segments immunostained by anti-rhodopsin and anti-pinopsin antibodies. Neither opsin- nor transducin-like immunoreactivities were detected in the parietal eye with all the antibodies tested in this study, although its morphology resembles that of the lateral eyes. In the deep brain region, rhodopsin-like immunoreactivities were observed in the posterior pallial commissure and median eminence. The cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in the paraventricular organ were immunoreactive to an antibody against α-subunit of cone transducin. In lizards, this is the first report showing (1) rhodopsin- and pinopsinlike immunoreactivities in the parapineal organ, (2) rhodopsin-like immunoreactivity in the deep brain, and (3) putative photoreceptive areas in the hypothalamus.