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Geographic range of Podarcis liolepis sebastiani (Klemmer, 1964) (Squamata, Lac­ertidae) in France. The Catalonian wall lizard, Podarcis liolepis, is a Mediterranean species that can be mainly found in France around the Mediterranean belt. In Aquitaine, the subspecies Podarcis liolepis sebastiani enters from Spain on the French Basque country slope. Until now, studies on French ter- ritory have restricted the species to a few localities along the Spanish border. Since spring 2010, specif- ic surveys have been undertaken in the scope of the Atlas of amphibians and reptiles of Aquitaine. Based on our results, the species is widespread in the French Basque country as far as 30 km north from the Spanish-French border. Moreover, the presence of the Catalonian wall lizard has been confirmed in the East of the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the Aspe Valley. This latter finding suggests new interesting hypotheses about the ancient colonization paths of the species on the northern slope of the Western Pyrenees.

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Hardenberg Castle north of Göttingen, Germany harbours two introduced species of wall lizard, the Eurpean Wall Lizard Podarcis muralis brogniardii and the Catalonian Wall Lizards Podarcis liolepis. The genetic study by Schulte et al. (2012a) has found that the European Wall Lizards belong the the Western France clade and that the Catalonian Wall Lizards come from near Girona in NE Spain, thus representing the nominal subspecies, and that the import was from the Eastern central Pyrenees. A visit to the locality in October 2019 throws some doubt on this, as both species seem to be mixed up from various sources, the new populations being harder to distinguish fom each other than their natural ancestors in case of syntopy. It is suggested that there have been two sources for each species, namely that the European Wall Lizards are a mixture with animals of the Eastern France clade, and the Catalonian Wall Lizards have been mixed with specimens from the Northwestern Pyrenees belonging to the subspecies sebastiani. Observations on behaviour, habitat preference, and relative abundance of the species are also reported, and the criteria for distinction of the two species at Hardenberg castle are tested.

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A critical review of the evolutionary biology of Iberian and North African lizard members of the genus Podarcis (Lacertidae) based on phylogeny, phylogeography, morphometrics, behavior, ecology and physiology is presented. The Iberomaghrebian region is inhabited by at least 12 different evolutionary lineages that group into a monophyl- etic clade (except Podarcis muralis). In contrast to the current taxonomy, the saxicolous ‘Podarcis hispanica’ is paraphyletic with respect to Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis carbonelli, two currently recognized species. Nodes in the phylogenetic tree are deep, resulting from old divergences, clearly preceding the Pleistocene. Nevertheless, more recent range changes as a result of glaciations are also evident. The most plausible evolutionary scenario for this group indicates both vicariant and dispersal events. Although parapatry between lineages is the rule, sympatry and even syntopy are frequent, but usually between ground-dwelling and saxicolous forms. Contacts between forms with similar habitat use are rare and local. Morphological distinctiveness between lineages has been demonstrated, indicating historical constraints. However, other characters have repeatedly evolved under similar environmental pressures independently of the evolutionary lineage. Strong sexual dimorphism derives from sexual selection and is attained before sexual maturity, although developmental restrictions exist. Variation between popu- lations is also important and derives from local variation in both natural (habitat, climate) and sexual (density) selective pressures. Evidence for short-term changes has already been found, particularly in insular populations. Reproductive isolation between syntopic forms and partner recognition are based on male–male competition and on visual and chemical recognition of females by conspecific males. Despite this ancient diversification, most forms maintain a degree of reproductive compatibility. Hybridisation may occur, but is limited, and there is evidence of selection against hybrids. The ecological analysis presented here does not support exploitative competition, but rather behavioral interference between forms. Ecomorph classification of lineages suggests character displacement between those with extensive range overlap. Finally, a critical assessment of the specific status of all lineages is provided and directions for further research are suggested.

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La observación de ejemplares de P. muralis y P. hispanica en la línea de costa que contacta con el mar, ha permitido obtener información más amplia sobre su distribución en el área septentrional más extrema, así como del di- ferente uso que hacen del nicho espacial. Ambas se revelan, una vez más, como especies antropófilas, apareciendo preferentemente P. muralis sobre acantilados de sustrato calizo y suelo cubierto de vegetación, frente a P. his- panica, que prefiere el sustrato areniscoso y suelos más despejados. Los datos conocidos sobre su distribución, junto con los aquí aportados, permiten esbozar un esquema biogeográfico, en el que lo más destacable se- ría la penetración que, a través de ciertos valles térmicos interiores, ha se- guido P. hispanica -junto con otras formas termófilas de la herpetofauna- , para colonizar el área costera, donde la suavidad de las condiciones climáti- cas ha facilitado su asentamiento.

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Les Reptiles des Pyrénées traite en détail les 32 espèces protégées présentes sur l’ensemble de la chaîne (France, Espagne et Andorre). Cette faune herpétologique est le résultat d’une entreprise natu­raliste combinant enquête bibliographique et reportage photographique. Elle propose une vaste synthèse de données relatives à plusieurs champs disciplinaires – systématique, ­taxi­nomie, biogéographie, écologie, biologie… – jusque-là dispersées dans plusieurs centaines d’articles et ouvrages. Les variations phénotypiques et les particularités écologiques des serpents, lézards et tortues occupant l’espace pyrénéen y sont illustrées par de très nombreuses photo­graphies exclusivement réalisées in situ, de 2 m à 3 143 m d’altitude. Des cartes de répartition précises (mailles UTM 10 km × 10 km), basées sur des sources scientifiques, complètent et éclairent le propos biogéographique. Les espèces et sous-espèces endémiques ou subendémiques de la chaîne, de même que celles qui y ont un statut particulier (très localisées, vulnérables…), ont fait l’objet d’une attention par­ti­cu­lière et les menaces qui pèsent sur les reptiles des Pyrénées sont largement exposées. Cet ouvrage sera précieux pour les pyrénéistes, naturalistes et gestionnaires d’espaces naturels de la chaîne (parc national, réserves, sites Natura 2000, parcs naturels régionaux…), qui disposeront là d’une mine d’informations sur le sujet.

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Cytoplasmic markers are often used alone to reconstruct phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns. Evolutionary, demographic and ecological processes that cause these patterns are most often investigated using nuclear markers. However, some mechanisms, like introgressive hybridization, may result in gene histories differing from species histories. Further, genetic consequences of introgressive hybridization may be particularly marked for cytoplasmic markers comparatively to nuclear markers. This is why the reliability of cytoplasmic markers as a tool for pattern reconstruction is currently debated. To evaluate the value of cytoplasmic markers for pattern reconstructions and process studies, we compared, within the species complex of Iberian Wall Lizards Podarcis hispanicus, the evolutionary history inferred from a mitochondrial marker with the history inferred from nuclear markers, and in fig species of section Galoglychia, the history inferred from chloroplast markers with the history inferred from nuclear markers. In both cases, we evidenced several cases of cyto-nuclear discordances caused by ancient events of introgressive hybridization. In the lizard example, discordance was caused by the complete replacement of the mitochondrial lineage of one species, in a large part of its distribution range, by a mitochondrial lineage belonging to another species currently extinct or not described yet. In the Ficus example, congruence between plant chloroplast phylogeny and pollinator phylogeny supports the hypothesis that host shifts are responsible of both cyto-nuclear discordance in plant phylogenies and pollinator-plant phylogenetic incongruence. Both cases demonstrate that, because of introgressive hybridization, cytoplasmic markers are of limited interest to precisely describe phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns. However, these introgressive hybridization events make cytoplasmic markers useful to investigate processes.

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A total of 35 morphological characters (biometry, scalation, chromatic pattern) were studied through multivariate analyses on 10 populations sampled across the range of the Iberian wall lizard (Podarcis hispanica) in Portugal. Biometry clearly splits the samples into two different types. Differences in scalation between the two types were not clear, but multiple correspondence analyses showed that different chromatic patterns Ž t each of the types: one presented dark dorsal patterns (e.g. reticulated, eyeled, striped) and whitish-pearly belly, while the other showed green or yellow-brown patterns and yellow-orange belly. These two morphotypes constitute different molecular lineages and have different ranges of distribution.

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In addition to species of the North Spanish herpetofauna the allochthonous and wellestablished populations of the Ibiza wall lizard Podarcis pityusensis and the Italian wall lizard Podarcis siculus were observed at Spain`s Atlantic coast.